Humphrey’s research showed that most of the people studied by him self-identified as either straight, or bisexual. Tea Room Trade (1970) is a book by the American sociologist Laud Humphreys in which he studied sexual encounters between men in public toilets, a practice known by the slang “tea-rooming” in America. Example 3 – Tea Room Trade and Queer Sexualityįeature: Homosexuality without seeing yourself as ‘gay’. Even though they are not involved in any criminal activities (beyond underage smoking, drinking, and the occasional face-off with their rivals), the viewer gets a clear sense of their being deviants.Īs long as nonviolent youth gang associations do not result in the youths being confined to correctional institutions, they are a form of primary deviance. The protagonists in the film come from broken working-class families and find fraternal bonding within the gang a source of comfort. Membership to gangs, however, can be viewed by society at large as an act of deviance even when no explicitly criminal acts are performed by the group.Ī notable depiction of gangs in popular culture was the 1983 Francis Ford Coppola film The Outsiders. Youth gangs may have had difficulty answers to questions of identity and belonging within normative institutions such as the family or the school. Membership of a non-criminal youth gang may or may not descend into crime. They can often just be a space for adolescents to explore issues of identity, belonging, and the pressures of growing up. Youth gangs may not necessarily be involved in criminal activities. Example 2 – Nonviolent Youth Gangsįeature: Membership of gangs without falling into criminal activities. It may or may not deteriorate into a case of substance abuse depending on how the act of deviance is handled by the youth’s family and the society at large. Often, teenagers are first introduced to intoxicants as a part of a peer-group setting such as a party.Īn adolescent consuming beer with friends at a party for the first time can be considered an example of primary deviance. Example 1 – Peer Pressure and Intoxicant Useįeature: Experimenting with alcohol in youth without being seen as being a problem youth.Īn intoxicant is any substance that artificially stimulates the nervous system to generate feelings of pleasure, excitement, or relaxation, such as alcohol. Examples of Primary Devianceīelow are a few examples of primary deviance. See the child as an innately good person who has made mistakes. Start every new day with a blank slate and practice unconditional positive regard. A child who misbehaves should not be labeled as a ‘bad kid’. Teachers learn about primary deviance to learn not to label children. This breach could be an act as harmless as dyeing their hair pink to something more serious like shoplifting.Īt the stage of primary deviance, the person has not yet internalized a social label (such as ‘criminal’) in a way that would influence their actions in the future.įor authorities like teachers, sensitive handling of the act of primary deviance can help prevent its degeneration into secondary deviance. Primary deviance is usually the first, or an early act of deviance, before the label of ‘deviant’ has been applied to a person.Īt this stage, the person has violated social norms in some manner. The labeling theory of deviance defines deviance as being of two kinds – primary and secondary. Generally, we can see powerful people and institutions (like schools) defining what is ‘good’ and ‘bad’, and labelling people accordingly, turning their behavior from primary deviance (instances of bad behavior) to secondary deviance (a person who is permanently labelled as bad).Ĭhris Drew (PhD) What is Primary Deviance? (See more: examples of secondary deviance). This occurs when someone internalizes the label society has given them, so they go on misbehaving because that’s what they see as their role in society. Secondary deviance – Permanently labelled as a deviant person.When someone violates social norms without internalizing the belief that they are ‘bad’. Primary deviance – Temporary deviant behavior.If you label someone as ‘good’, ‘bad’, ‘smart’, or ‘dumb’ then the person will come to believe that about themselves.Īs part of labelling theory, there are two types of deviance that we can label people with: The labeling theory of deviance (aka social reaction theory) states that human behavior is influenced by the labels we give them. But, unlike secondary deviance, the person who engages in the behavior has not yet been ‘labeled’ as a deviant (criminal, bad, etc.) person. Primary deviance is behavior that is seen as unacceptable by society.
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